Hello fellow Stressers!!

What is an example of unrestrained joint and restrained joint in FRP piping?

Also kindly give your opinion on the statement below:

"When restrained joints are used, the pipe should be designed to accommodate the full magnitude of forces generated by internal pressure".

In Caesar II (beam element) modelling how do we represent a "restrained joint" and "unrestrained joint".

Is it by default that we need to provide thrust blocks at bends, blanks & valves for unrestrained joint FRP pipe/fitting or we can justify it by detailed analysis (not to use thrust blocks for underground unrestrained joint FRP piping).

Is it also by default that we don't need to provide thrust blocks at bends, blanks & valves for restrained joint FRP pipe/fitting or we can justify it by detailed analysis (to use thrust blocks for underground restrained joint FRP piping).

Just correct any wrong statement I've made.

Your opinion is greatly appreciated.