Dear Azley,

1. If the formulae is like this; SE= Sqrt ((|sa|2+sb2)+4st2. Then no need of bar for Sa.

Check the formulae correctly. SE= Sqrt ((|sa|+sb)2+4st2). There are no individual squares for Sa & Sb.

Mathematically.

If u see Sb is always +ve. For St individual square so if any –ve value turns to +ve.

To get the maximum calculated value (for the sake of conservative). Sa may be provided Bar.

2. How can you club torsion with Axial?

Torsion stress due to shear force.
Axial stress due to Axial forces/Displacement strains(along the axis).

3. Global Element Forces Extended Report

Check this example.

FX=56
FY=-446
FZ=98
MX=94.3
MY=-131.6
MZ=-387.2

AXIAL FORCE = along the axis (say pipe is in Z direction)= Fz =98.

SHEAR FORCE= Sqrt(FY^2+FX^2)=449.50 (That is why; shear force is always positive)

TORSIONAL MOMENT= MZ=-387.2

BENDING MOMENT= Sqrt(MX^2+MY^2)=161.89. (That is why; BM is always positive)

Shear force and bending moments are resultant values. That is the reason, why these two values are always positive.

please correct me, If Iam wrong..